The way capitalist cities are structured is around real estate value. 'Capital' in the form of surplus-value (money and debt) is stored in city centers and lower price real estate is pushed to the periphery. I call this the center-periphery phenomena of capitalist cities. You can read more about it here: https://jaime-roberts.medium.com/in-an-age-of-climate-change-should-we-build-skyscrapers-c129cb5a0716

The rich, and businesses can occupy the center of cities, while the poor are pushed to the periphery. This occurs in most capitalist cities like New York, London, and Paris. Cities are structured around capital and real estate value. This enables the powerful who control capital to dictate where the 'periphery' is. If down town Manhattan is the 'center' of capital (Wall Street), then The Bronx or Queens would be the 'periphery' where housing values are low.

Advantaged groups are allowed to buy single family homes and amass wealth. Disadvantaged groups are pushed to the periphery where housing costs are low, and they have little ability to amass wealth. To make things worse they are often put into ghettos or 'projects' where they own nothing and have no way to amass intergenerational wealth. Multifamily housing in the U.S. has been used as a way to keep people poor. In other parts of the world multifamily housing was not used to segregate, but in the U.S. it was used to for 'socio-spatial marginalization'.

If you are interested in this topic I suggest the book "The Color of Law, A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America." by Richard Rothstein. It doesn't talk about the abstract concepts I discuss here, but does explain how the government segregated cites using capital, redlining, government loans, and laws.

My point with this article is segregation practices have now been outlawed, but they still occur through the process of controlling capital and real estate.